Method for treating amyloidosis

ABSTRACT

Therapeutic compounds and methods for inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject, whatever its clinical setting, are described. Amyloid deposition is inhibited by the administration to a subject of an effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprising an anionic group and a carrier molecule, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such that an interaction between an amnyloidogenic protein and a basement membrane constituent is inhibited. Preferred anionic groups are sulfonates and sulfates. Preferred carrier molecules include carbohydrates, polymers, peptides, peptide derivatives, aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, heterocyclic groups, aromatic groups and combinations thereof

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser.No. 08/403,230, filed Mar. 15, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part ofapplication Ser. No. 08/315,391, filed Sep. 29, 1994, which is acontinuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/219,798, filed Mar. 29,1994, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/037,844filed Mar. 29, 1993, now abandoned, the contents of all of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

[0002] Amyloidosis refers to a pathological condition characterized bythe presence of amyloid. Amyloid is a generic term referring to a groupof diverse but specific extracellular protein deposits which are seen ina number of different diseases. Though diverse in their occurrence, allamyloid deposits have common morphologic properties, stain with specificdyes (e.g., Congo red), and have a characteristic red-green birefringentappearance in polarized light after staining. They also share commonultrastructural features and common x-ray diffraction and infraredspectra.

[0003] Amyloidosis can be classified clinically as primary, secondary,familial and/or isolated. Primary amyloidosis appears de novo withoutany preceding disorder. Secondary amyloidosis is that form which appearsas a complication of a previously existing disorder. Familialamyloidosis is a genetically inherited form found in particulargeographic populations. Isolated forms of amyloidosis are those thattend to involve a single organ system. Different amyloids are alsocharacterized by the type of protein present in the deposit. Forexample, neurodegenerative diseases such as scrapie, bovine spongiformencephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the like are characterizedby the appearance and accumulation of a protease-resistant form of aprion protein (referred to as AScr or PrP-27) in the central nervoussystem. Similarly, Alzheimer's disease, another neurodegenerativedisorder, is characterized by congophilic angiopathy, neuritic plaquesand neurofibrillary tangles, all of which have the characteristics ofamyloids. In this case, the plaques and blood vessel amyloid is formedby the beta protein. Other systemic diseases such as adult-onsetdiabetes, complications of long-term hemodialysis and sequelae oflong-standing inflammation or plasma cell dyscrasias are characterizedby the accumulation of amyloids systemically. In each of these cases, adifferent amyloidogenic protein is involved in amyloid deposition.

[0004] Once these amyloids have formed, there is no known therapy ortreatment which significantly dissolves the deposits in situ which iswidely accepted.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] This invention provides methods and compositions which are usefulin the treatment of amyloidosis. The methods of the invention involveadministering to a subject a therapeutic compound which inhibits amyloiddeposition. Accordingly, the compositions and methods of the inventionare useful for inhibiting amyloidosis in disorders in which amyloiddeposition occurs. The methods of the invention can be usedtherapeutically to treat amyloidosis or can be used prophylactically ina subject susceptible to amyloidosis. The methods of the invention arebased, at least in part, on inhibiting an interaction between anamyloidogenic protein and a constituent of basement membrane to inhibitamyloid deposition. The constituent of basement membrane is aglycoprotein or proteoglyean, preferably heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Atherapeutic compound used in the method of the invention can interferewith binding of a basement membrane constituent to a target binding siteon an amyloidogenic protein, thereby inhibiting amyloid deposition.

[0006] In one embodiment, the method of the invention involvesadministering to a subject a therapeutic compound having at least oneanionic group covalently attached to a carrier molecule which is capableof inhibiting an interaction between an amyloidogenic protein and aglycoprotein or proteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane toinhibit amyloid deposition. In one embodiment, the anionic groupcovalently attached to the carrier molecule is a sulfonate group.Accordingly, the therapeutic compound can have the formula:

Q—[—SO₃ ^(−X) ⁺]_(n)

[0007] wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n isan integer. In another embodiment, the anionic group is a sulfate group.Accordingly, the therapeutic compound can have the formula:

Q—[—OSO₃ ⁻X⁺]_(n)

[0008] wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n isan integer. Carrier molecules which can be used include carbohydrates,polymers, peptides, peptide derivatives, aliphatic groups, alicyclicgroups, heterocyclic groups, aromatic groups and combinations thereof.Preferred therapeutic compounds for use in the invention includepoly(vinylsulfonic acid), ethanesulfonic acid, sucrose octasulfate,1,2-ethanediol disulfuric acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid,1,3-propanediol disulfuric acid, 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid,1,4-butanediol disulfuric acid, 1,4-butanedisulfonic acid,1,5-pentanedisulfonic acid, taurine, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonicacid, tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-disulfonic acid,4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

[0009] The therapeutic compounds of the invention are administered to asubject by a route which is effective for inhibition of amyloiddeposition. Suitable routes of administration include subcutaneous,intravenous and intraperitoneal injection. The therapeutic compounds ofthe invention have been found to be effective when administered orally.Accordingly, a preferred route of administration is oral administration.The therapeutic compounds can be administered with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicle.

[0010] The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions fortreating amyloidosis. The pharmaceutical compositions include atherapeutic compound of the invention in an amount effective to inhibitamyloid deposition and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0011]FIG. 1 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of poly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) administered intraperitoneally on in vivoAA amyloid deposition in mouse spleen.

[0012]FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the effect of poly (vinylsulfonatesodium salt) on heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding to β-APP intris-buffered saline (TBS).

[0013]FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the effect of poly (vinylsulfonatesodium salt) on heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding to β-APP inphosphate buffered saline (PBS).

[0014]FIG. 4 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of poly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) administered orally on in vivo AA amyloiddeposition in mouse spleen.

[0015]FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the blood level of the amyloidprecursor, SAA, over time for animals receiving poly(vinylsulfonatesodium salt) (open circles) and control animals (triangles).

[0016]FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the effect of orally administeredpoly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) on the course of AA amyloid depositionin mouse spleen when amyloid deposits were already present prior totreatment of the animals. The triangles represent the control animalsand the open circles represent the treated animals.

[0017]FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the effect of orally administeredpoly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) on splenic amyloid deposition when theinflammatory stimulus is maintained during the course of the experiment.The triangles represent the control animals and the open circlesrepresent the treated animals.

[0018]FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the effect of orally administeredethane monosulfonate, sodium salt (EMS) on in vivo AA splenic amyloiddeposition. The triangles represent the control animals, the opencircles represent animals receiving 2.5 mg/ml of EMS in their drinkingwater, and the open squares represent animals receiving 6 mg/ml of EMSin their drinking water.

[0019] FIGS. 9 and 10 depict the chemical structures of the WAScompounds described in Example 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

[0020] This invention pertains to methods and compositions useful fortreating amyloidosis. The methods of the invention involve administeringto a subject a therapeutic compound which inhibits amyloid deposition.“Inhibition of amyloid deposition” is intended to encompass preventionof amyloid formation, inhibition of further amyloid deposition in asubject with ongoing amyloidosis and reduction of amyloid deposits in asubject with ongoing amyloidosis. Inhibition of amyloid deposition isdetermined relative to an untreated subject or relative to the treatedsubject prior to treatment. Amyloid deposition is inhibited byinhibiting an interaction between an amyloidogenic protein and aconstituent of basement membrane. “Basement membrane” refers to anextracellular matrix comprising glycoproteins and proteoglycans,including laminin, collagen type IV, fibronectin and heparan sulfateproteoglycan (HSPG). In one embodiment, amyloid deposition is inhibitedby interfering with an interaction between an amyloidogenic protein anda sulfated glycosaminoglycan such as HSPG. Sulfated glycosaminoglycansare known to be present in all types of amyloids (see Snow, A. D. et al.(1987) Lab. Invest. 56:120-123) and amyloid deposition and HSPGdeposition occur coincidentally in animal models of amyloidosis (seeSnow, A. D. et al. (1987) Lab. Invest. 56:665-675). In the methods ofthe invention, molecules which have a similar structure to a sulfatedglycosaminoglycan are used to inhibit an interaction between anamyloidogenic protein and basement membrane constituent. In particular,the therapeutic compounds of the invention comprise at least one sulfategroup or a functional equivalent thereof, for example a sulfonic acidgroup or other functionally equivalent anionic group, linked to acarrier molecule. In addition to functioning as a carrier for theanionic functionality, the carrier molecule can enable the compound totraverse biological membranes and to be biodistributed without excessiveor premature metabolism. Moreover, when multiple anionic functionalitiesare present on a carrier molecule, the carrier molecule serves to spacethe anionic groups in a correct geometric separation.

[0021] In one embodiment, the method of the invention includesadministering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeuticcompound which has at least one anionic group covalently attached to acarrier molecule. The therapeutic compound is capable of inhibiting aninteraction between an amyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein orproteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane to thus inhibit amyloiddeposition. The therapeutic compound can have the formula:

Q—[—Y⁻X⁺]_(n)

[0022] wherein Y⁻is an anionic group at physiological pH; Q is a carriermolecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n is an integer. The number ofanionic groups (“n”) is selected such that the biodistribution of thecompound for an intended target site is not prevented while maintainingactivity of the compound. For example, the number of anionic groups isnot so great as to inhibit traversal of an anatomical barrier, such as acell membrane, or entry across a physiological barrier, such as theblood-brain barrier, in situations where such properties are desired. Inone embodiment, n is an integer between 1 and 10. In another embodiment,n is an integer between 3 and 8.

[0023] An anionic group of a therapeutic compound of the invention is anegatively charged moiety that, when attached to a carrier molecule, caninhibit an interaction between an amyloidogenic protein and aglycoprotein or proteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane to thusinhibit amyloid deposition. For purposes of this invention, the anionicgroup is negatively charged at physiological pH. Preferably, the anionictherapeutic compound mimics the structure of a sulfated proteoglycan,i.e., is a sulfated compound or a functional equivalent thereof.“Functional equivalents” of sulfates are intended to includebioisosteres. Bioisosteres encompass both classical bioisostericequivalents and non-classical bioisosteric equivalents. Classical andnon-classical bioisosteres of sulfate groups are known in the art (seee.g. Silverman, R. B. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and DrugAction, Academic Press, Inc.:San Diego, Calif., 1992, pp.19-23).Accordingly, a therapeutic compound of the invention can comprise atleast one anionic group including sulfonates, sulfates, phosphonates,phosphates, carboxylates, and heterocyclic groups of the followingformulas:

[0024] Depending on the carrier molecule, more than one anionic groupcan be attached thereto. When more than one anionic group is attached toa carrier molecule, the multiple anionic groups can be the sanestructural group (e.g., all sulfonates) or, alternatively, a combinationof different anionic groups can be used (e.g., sulfonates and sulfates,etc.).

[0025] The ability of a therapeutic compound of the invention to inhibitan interaction between an amyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein orproteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane can be assessed by an invitro binding assay, such as that described in the Exemplification or inU.S. Pat. No. 5,164,295 by Kisilevsky et al. Briefly, a solid supportsuch as a polystyrene microtiter plate is coated with an amyloidogenicprotein (e.g., serum amyloid A protein or β-amyloid precursor protein(β-APP)) and any residual hydrophobic surfaces are blocked. The coatedsolid support is incubated with various concentrations of a constituentof basement membrane, preferably HSPG, either in the presence or absenceof a compound to be tested. The solid support is washed extensively toremove unbound material. The binding of the basement membraneconstituent (e.g., HSPG) to the amyloidogenic protein (e.g., β-APP) isthen measured using an antibody directed against the basement membraneconstituent which is conjugated to a detectable substance (e.g., anenzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase) by detecting the detectablesubstance. A compound which inhibits an interaction between anamyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein or proteoglycan constituent ofa basement membrane will reduce the amount of substance detected (e.g.,will inhibit the amount of enzyme activity detected).

[0026] Preferably, a therapeutic compound of the invention interactswith a binding site for a basement membrane glycoprotein or proteoglycanin an amyloidogenic protein and thereby inhibits the binding of theamyloidogenic protein to the basement membrane constituent. Basementmembrane glycoproteins and proteoglycans include laminin, collagen typeIV, fibronectin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). In a preferredembodiment, the therapeutic compound inhibits an interaction between anamyloidogenic protein and HSPG. Consensus binding site motifs for HSPGin amyloidogenic proteins have been described (see e.g. Cardin andWeintraub (1989) Arteriosclerosis 9:21-32). For example, an HSPGconsensus binding motif can be of the general formula X1-X2-Y-X3,wherein X1, X2 and X3 are basic amino acids (e.g., lysine or arginine)and Y is any amino acid. Modeling of the geometry of this site led todetermination of the following spacing between basic amino acid residues(carboxylate to carboxylate, in Angstroms):

X1-X2 5.3±1.5 Å

X1-X3 7.1±1.5 Å

X2-X3 7.6±1.5 Å

[0027] These values were determined using a combination of molecularmechanics and semi-empirical quantum mechanics calculations. Molecularmechanics calculations were performed using the MM2 force fieldequation. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations were performedusing the AM1Hamiltonian equation. The conformational space of the sitewas sampled using a combination of molecular dynamics (both high and lowtemperature) and Monte Carlo simulations.

[0028] Accordingly, in the therapeutic compounds of the invention, whenmultiple anionic groups are attached to a carrier molecule, the relativespacing of the anionic groups can be chosen such that the anionic groups(e.g., sulfonates) optimally interact with the basic residues within theHSPG binding site (thereby inhibiting interaction of HSPG with thesite). For example, anionic groups can be spaced approximately 5.3±1.5Å, 7.1±1.5 Å and/or 7.6±1.5 Å apart, or appropriate multiples thereof,such that the relative spacing of the anionic groups allows for optimalinteraction with a binding site for a basement membrane constituent(e.g., HSPG) in an amyloidogenic protein.

[0029] A therapeutic compound of the invention typically furthercomprises a counter cation (i.e., X⁺ in the general formula:Q—[—Y⁻X⁺]_(n)). Cationic groups include positively charged atoms andmoieties. If the cationic group is hydrogen, H⁺, then the compound isconsidered an acid, e.g., ethanesulfonic acid. If hydrogen is replacedby a metal or its equivalent, the compound is a salt of the acid.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the therapeutic compound are withinthe scope of the invention. For example, X⁺can be a pharmaceuticallyacceptable alkali metal, alkaline earth, higher valency cation (e.g.,aluminum salt), polycationic counter ion or ammonium. A preferredpharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt but other salts arealso contemplated within their pharmaceutically acceptable range.

[0030] Within the therapeutic compound, the anionic group(s) iscovalently attached to a carrier molecule. Suitable carrier moleculesinclude carbohydrates, polymers, peptides, peptide derivatives,aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, heterocyclic groups, aromatic groupsor combinations thereof. A carrier molecule can be substituted, e.g.with one or more amino, nitro, halogen, thiol or hydroxy groups.

[0031] As used herein, the term “carbohydrate” is intended to includesubstituted and unsubstituted mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides.Monosaccharides are simple sugars usually of the formula C₆H₁₂O₆ thatcan be combined to form oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.Monosaccharides include enantiomers and both the D and L stereoisomersof monosaccharides. Carbohydrates can have multiple anionic groupsattached to each monosaccharide moiety. For example, in sucroseoctasulfate, four sulfate groups are attached to each of the twomonosaccharide moieties.

[0032] As used herein, the term “polymer” is intended to includemolecules formed by the chemical union of two or more combining subunitscalled monomers. Monomers are molecules or compounds which usuallycontain carbon and are of relatively low molecular weight and simplestructure. A monomer can be converted to a polymer by combination withitself or other similar molecules or compounds. A polymer may becomposed of a single identical repeating subunit or multiple differentrepeating subunits (copolymers). Polymers within the scope of thisinvention include substituted and unsubstituted vinyl, acryl, styreneand carbohydrate-derived polymers and copolymers and salts thereof. Inone embodiment, the polymer has a molecular weight of approximately800-1000 Daltons. Examples of polymers with suitable covalently attachedanionic groups (e.g., sulfonates or sulfates) includepoly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfonic acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonic acid); andsulfates and sulfonates derived from: poly(acrylic acid); poly(methylacrylate); poly(methyl methacrylate); and poly(vinyl alcohol); andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Examples ofcarbohydrate-derived polymers with suitable covalently attached anionicgroups include those of the formula:

[0033] wherein R is SO₃−or OSO₃−; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

[0034] Peptides and peptide derivatives can also act as carriermolecules. The term “peptide” includes two or more amino acidscovalently attached through a peptide bond. Amino acids which can beused in peptide carrier molecules include those naturally occurringamino acids found in proteins such as glycine, alanine, valine,cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, methionine, glutamicacid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, arginine, proline,histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The term amino acidfurther includes analogs, derivatives and congeners of naturallyoccurring amino acids, one or more of which can be present in a peptidederivative. For example, amino acid analogs can have lengthened orshortened side chains or variant side chains with appropriate functionalgroups. Also included are the D and L stereoisomers of an amino acidwhen the structure of the amino acid admits of stereoisomeric forms. Theterm “peptide derivative” further includes compounds which containmolecules which mimic a peptide backbone but are not amino acids(so-called peptidomimetics), such as benzodiazepine molecules (see e.g.James, G. L. et al. (1993) Science 260:1937-1942). The anionic groupscan be attached to a peptide or peptide derivative through a functionalgroup on the side chain of certain amino acids or other suitablefunctional group. For example, a sulfate or sulfonate group can beattached through the hydroxy side chain of a serine residue. A peptidecan be designed to interact with a binding site for a basement membraneconstituent (e.g., HSPG) in an amyloidogenic protein (as describedabove). Accordingly, in one embodiment, the peptide comprises four aminoacids and anionic groups (e.g., sulfonates) are attached to the first,second and fourth amino acid. For example, the peptide can beSer-Ser-Y-Ser, wherein an anionic group is attached to the side chain ofeach serine residue and Y is any amino acid. In addition to peptides andpeptide derivatives, single amino acids can be used as carriers in thetherapeutic compounds of the invention. For example, cysteic acid, thesulfonate derivative of cysteine, can be used.

[0035] The term “aliphatic group” is intended to include organiccompounds characterized by straight or branched chains, typically havingbetween I and 22 carbon atoms. Aliphatic groups include alkyl groups,alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups. In complex structures, the chains canbe branched or cross-linked. Alkyl groups include saturated hydrocarbonshaving one or more carbon atoms, including straight-chain alkyl groupsand branched-chain alkyl groups. Such hydrocarbon moieties may besubstituted on one or more carbons with, for example, a halogen, ahydroxyl, a thiol, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylcarboxy, an alkylthio,or a nitro group. Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified,“lower aliphatic” as used herein means an aliphatic group, as definedabove (e.g., lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl), but having fromone to six carbon atoms. Representative of such lower aliphatic groups,e.g., lower alkyl groups, are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,2-chloropropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, 2-aminobutyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl,3-thiopentyl, and the like. As used herein, the term “amino” means —NH₂;the term “nitro” means —NO₂; the term “halogen” designates —F, —Cl, —Bror —I; the term “thiol” means SH; and the term “hydroxyl” means -OH.Thus, the term “alkylamino” as used herein means an alkyl group, asdefined above, having an amino group attached thereto. The term“alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, having asulfhydryl group attached thereto. The term “alkylcarboxyl” as usedherein means an alkyl group, as defined above, having a carboxyl groupattached thereto. The term “alkoxy” as used herein means an alkyl group,as defined above, having an oxygen atom, attached thereto.Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,tert-butoxy and the like. The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer tounsaturated aliphatic groups analogous to alkyls, but which contain atleast one double or triple bond respectively.

[0036] The term “alicyclic group” is intended to include closed ringstructures of three or more carbon atoms. Alicyclic groups includecycloparaffins or naphthenes which are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons,cycloolefins which are unsaturated with two or more double bonds, andcycloacetylenes which have a triple bond. They do not include aromaticgroups. Examples of cycloparaffins include cyclopropane, cyclohexane,and cyclopentane. Examples of cycloolefins include cyclopentadiene andcyclooctatetraene. Alicyclic groups also include fused ring structuresand substituted alicyclic groups such as alkyl substituted alicyclicgroups. In the instance of the alicyclics such substituents can furthercomprise a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a loweralkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, ahydroxyl, —CF₃, —CN, or the like.

[0037] The term “heterocyclic group” is intended to include closed ringstructures in which one or more of the atoms in the ring is an elementother than carbon, for example, nitrogen, or oxygen. Heterocyclic groupscan be saturated or unsaturated and heterocyclic groups such as pyrroleand furan can have aromatic character. They include fused ringstructures such as quinoline and isoquinoline. Other examples ofheterocyclic groups include pyridine and purine. Heterocyclic groups canalso be substituted at one or more constituent atoms with, for example,a halogen, a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a loweralkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, ahydroxyl, —CF₃, —CN, or the like.

[0038] The term “aromatic group” is intended to include unsaturatedcyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings. Aromatic groupsinclude 5- and 6-membered single-ring groups which may include from zeroto four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene,imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine,pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The aromatic ring may besubstituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, a halogen,a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkylthio, alower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, a hydroxyl, —CF₃, —CN,or the like.

[0039] The therapeutic compound of the invention can be administered ina pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. As used herein “pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicle” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media,coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorptiondelaying agents, and the like which are compatible with the activity ofthe compound and are physiologically acceptable to the subject. Anexample of a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle is buffered normalsaline (0.15 molar NaCl). The use of such media and agents forpharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Exceptinsofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with thetherapeutic compound, use thereof in the compositions suitable forpharmaceutical administration is contemplated. Supplementary activecompounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, thetherapeutic compound administered to the subject is comprised of atleast one sulfonate group covalently attached to a carrier molecule, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Accordingly, the therapeuticcompound can have the formula:

Q—[—SO₃ ^(−X) ⁺]_(n)

[0041] wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n isan integer. Suitable carrier molecules and cationic groups are thosedescribed hereinbefore. The number of sulfonate groups (“n”) is selectedsuch that the biodistribution of the compound for an intended targetsite is not prevented while maintaining activity of the compound asdiscussed earlier. In one embodiment, n is an integer between 1 and 10.In another embodiment, n is an integer between 3 and 8. As describedearlier, therapeutic compounds with multiple sulfonate groups can havethe sulfonate groups spaced such that the compound interacts optimallywith an HSPG binding site within an amyloidogenic protein.

[0042] In preferred embodiments, the carrier molecule for a sulfonate(s)is a lower aliphatic group (e.g., a lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or loweralkynyl), a heterocyclic group, a disaccharide, a polymer or a peptideor peptide derivative. Furthermore, the carrier can be substituted, e.g.with one or more amino, nitro, halogen, thiol or hydroxy groups.

[0043] Examples of suitable sulfonated polymeric therapeutic compoundsinclude poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfonic acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonic acid); asulfonic acid derivative of poly(acrylic acid); a sulfonic acidderivative of poly(methyl acrylate); a sulfonic acid derivative ofpoly(methyl methacrylate); and a sulfonate derivative of poly(vinylalcohol); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0044] A preferred sulfonated polymer is poly(vinylsulfonic acid) (PVS)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably the sodiumsalt thereof. In one embodiment, PVS having a molecular weight of about800-1000 Daltons is used. PVS may be used as a mixture of stereoisomersor as a single active isomer.

[0045] A preferred sulfonated disaccharide is a fully or partiallysulfonated sucrose, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such assucrose octasulfonate.

[0046] Preferred lower aliphatic sulfonated compounds for use in theinvention include ethanesulfonic acid; 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid(taurine); cysteic acid (3-sulfoalanine or α-amino-β-sulfopropionicacid); 1-propanesulfonic acid; 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid;1,3-propanedisulfonic acid; 1,4-butanedisulfonic acid;1,5-pentanedisulfonic acid; and 4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0047] Preferred heterocyclic sulfonated compounds include3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; andtetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-disulfonic acid; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0048] In another embodiment of the method of the invention, thetherapeutic compound administered to the subject is comprised of atleast one sulfate group covalently attached to a carrier molecule, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Accordingly, the therapeuticcompound can have the formula:

Q—[—OSO₃ ⁻X^(+]) _(n)

[0049] wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n isan integer. Suitable carrier molecules and cationic groups are thosedescribed hereinbefore. The number of sulfate groups (“n”) is selectedsuch that the biodistribution of the compound for an intended targetsite is not prevented while maintaining activity of the compound asdiscussed earlier. In one embodiment, n is an integer between 1 and 10.In another embodiment, n is an integer between 3 and 8. As describedearlier, therapeutic compounds with multiple sulfate groups can have thesulfate groups spaced such that the compound interacts optimally with anHSPG binding site within an amyloidogenic protein.

[0050] In preferred embodiments, the carrier molecule for a sulfate(s)is a lower aliphatic group (e.g., a lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or loweralkynyl), a disaccharide, a polymer or a peptide or peptide derivative.Furthermore, the carrier can be substituted, e.g. with one or moreamino, nitro, halogen, thiol or hydroxy groups.

[0051] Examples of suitable sulfated polymeric therapeutic compoundsinclude poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propyl sulfuric acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propyl sulfuric acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propyl sulfuric acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfuric acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfate); a sulfatederivative of poly(acrylic acid); a sulfate derivative of poly(methylacrylate); a sulfate derivative of poly(methyl methacrylate); and asulfate derivative of poly(vinyl alcohol); and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof.

[0052] A preferred sulfated polymer is poly(vinylsulfuric acid) orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0053] A preferred sulfated disaccharide is sucrose octasulfate orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0054] Preferred lower aliphatic sulfated compounds for use in theinvention include ethyl sulfuric acid; 2-aminoethan-1-ol sulfuric acid;1-propanol sulfuric acid; 1,2-ethanediol disulfuric acid;1,3-propanediol disulfuric acid; 1,4-butanediol disulfuric acid;1,5-pentanediol disulfuric acid; and 1,4-butanediol monosulfuric acid;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0055] Preferred heterocyclic sulfated compounds include3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfuric acid; andtetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-diol disulfuric acid; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0056] A further aspect of the invention includes pharmaceuticalcompositions for treating amyloidosis. The therapeutic compounds in themethods of the invention, as described hereinbefore, can be incorporatedinto a pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to inhibitamyloidosis in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

[0057] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of theinvention include a therapeutic compound that has at least one sulfonategroup covalently attached to a carrier molecule, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to inhibit amyloiddeposition, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The therapeuticcomposition can have the formula:

Q—[—SO₃ ⁻X^(+]) _(n)

[0058] wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n isan integer selected such that the biodistribution of the compound for anintended target site is not prevented while maintaining activity of thecompound.

[0059] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of theinvention include a therapeutic compound that has at least one sulfategroup covalently attached to a carrier molecule, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to inhibit amyloiddeposition, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The therapeuticcompound can have the following formula:

Q—[—OSO₃ ⁻X^(+]) _(n)

[0060] wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺is a cationic group; and n isan integer selected such that the biodistribution of the compound for anintended target site is not prevented while maintaining activity of thecompound.

[0061] The invention further contemplates the use of prodrugs which areconverted in vivo to the therapeutic compounds of the invention (see,e.g., R. B. Silverman, 1992, “The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design andDrug Action”, Academic Press, Chp. 8). Such prodrugs can be used toalter the biodistribution (e.g., to allow compounds which would nottypically cross the blood-brain barrier to cross the blood-brainbarrier) or the pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic compound. Forexample, an anionic group, e.g., a sulfate or sulfonate, can beesterified, e.g, with a methyl group or a phenyl group, to yield asulfate or sulfonate ester. When the sulfate or sulfonate ester isadministered to a subject, the ester is cleaved, enzymatically ornon-enzymatically, to reveal the anionic group. Such an ester can becyclic, e.g., a cyclic sulfate or sultone, or two or more anionicmoieties may be esterified through a linking group. In a preferredembodiment, the prodrug is a cyclic sulfate or sultone. An anionic groupcan be esterified with moieties (e.g., acyloxymethyl esters) which arecleaved to reveal an intermediate compound which subsequently decomposesto yield the active compound. In another embodiment, the prodrug is areduced form of a sulfate or sulfonate, e.g., a thiol, which is oxidizedin vivo to the therapeutic compound. Furthermore, an anionic moiety canbe esterified to a group which is actively transported in vivo, or whichis selectively taken up by target organs. The ester can be selected toallow specific targeting of the therapeutic moieties to particularorgans, as described below for carrier moieties.

[0062] Carrier molecules useful in the therapeutic compounds includecarrier molecules previously described, e.g. carbohydrates, polymers,peptides, peptide derivatives, aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups,heterocyclic groups, aromatic groups or combinations thereof. Suitablepolymers include substituted and unsubstituted vinyl, acryl, styrene andcarbohydrate-derived polymers and copolymers and salts thereof.Preferred carrier molecules include a lower alkyl group, a heterocyclicgroup, a disaccharide, a polymer or a peptide or peptide derivative.

[0063] Carrier molecules useful in the present invention may alsoinclude moieties which allow the therapeutic compound to be selectivelydelivered to a target organ or organs. For example, if delivery of atherapeutic compound to the brain is desired, the carrier molecule mayinclude a moiety capable of targeting the therapeutic compound to thebrain, by either active or passive transport (a “targeting moiety”).Illustratively, the carrier molecule may include a redox moiety, asdescribed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,540,564 and 5,389,623, bothto Bodor. These patents disclose drugs linked to dihydropyridinemoieties which can enter the brain, where they are oxidized to a chargedpyridinium species which is trapped in the brain. Thus, drug accumulatesin the brain. Many targeting moieties are known, and include, forexample, asialoglycoproteins (see, e.g. Wu, U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,320) andother ligands which are transported into cells via receptor-mediatedendocytosis (see below for further examples of targeting moieties whichmay be covalently or non-covalently bound to a carrier molecule).Furthermore, the therapeutic compounds of the invention may bind toamyloidogenic proteins in the circulation and thus be transported to thesite of action.

[0064] In one embodiment, the therapeutic compound in the pharmaceuticalcompositions is a sulfonated polymer, for examplepoly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfonic acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonic acid); asulfonate derivative of poly(acrylic acid); a sulfonate derivative ofpoly(methyl acrylate); a sulfonate derivative of poly(methylmethacrylate); and a sulfonate derivative of poly(vinyl alcohol); andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0065] In another embodiment, the therapeutic compound in thepharmaceutical compositions is a sulfated polymer, for examplepoly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfuric acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfuric acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfuric acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfuric acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfate); a sulfatederivative of poly(acrylic acid); a sulfate derivative of poly(methylacrylate); a sulfate derivative of poly(methyl methacrylate); and asulfate derivative of poly(vinyl alcohol); and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof.

[0066] Preferred therapeutic compounds for inclusion in a pharmaceuticalcomposition for treating amyloidosis of the invention includepoly(vinylsulfuric acid); poly(vinylsulfonic acid); sucrose octasulfate;a partially or fully sulfonated sucrose; ethyl sulfuric acid;ethanesulfonic acid; 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine);2-(aminoethyl)sulfuric acid; cysteic acid (3-sulfoalanine ora-amino-β-sulfopropionic acid); 1-propanesulfonic acid; propyl sulfuricacid; 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid; 1 ,2-ethanediol disulfuric acid;1,3-propanedisulfonic acid; 1,3-propanediol disulfuric acid;1,4-butanedisulfonic acid; 1,4-butanediol disulfuric acid;1,5-pentanedisulfonic acid; 1,5-pentanediol disulfuric acid;4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid;tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-disulfonic acid;3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.

[0067] In the methods of the invention, amyloid deposition in a subjectis inhibited by administering a therapeutic compound of the invention tothe subject. The term subject is intended to include living organisms inwhich amyloidosis can occur. Examples of subjects include humans,monkeys, cows, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, mice, rats, and transgenicspecies thereof. Administration of the compositions of the presentinvention to a subject to be treated can be carried out using knownprocedures, at dosages and for periods of time effective to inhibitamyloid deposition in the subject. An effective amount of thetherapeutic compound necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect may varyaccording to factors such as the amount of amyloid already deposited atthe clinical site in the subject, the age, sex, and weight of thesubject, and the ability of the therapeutic compound to inhibit amyloiddeposition in the subject. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to providethe optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses maybe administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced asindicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. A non-limitingexample of an effective dose range for a therapeutic compound of theinvention (e.g., poly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt)) is between 5 and 500mg/kg of body weight/per day. In an aqueous composition, preferredconcentrations for the active compound (i.e., the therapeutic compoundthat can inhibit amyloid deposition) are between 5 and 500 mM, morepreferably between 10 and 100 mM, and still more preferably between 20and 50 mM. For taurine, particularly preferred aqueous concentrationsare between 10 and 20 mM.

[0068] As demonstrated in the Exemplification, the therapeutic compoundsof the invention are effective when administered orally. Accordingly, apreferred route of administration is oral administration. Alternatively,the active compound may be administered by other suitable routes suchsubcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, etc. administration (e.g. byinjection). Depending on the route of administration, the activecompound may be coated in a material to protect the compound from theaction of acids and other natural conditions which may inactivate thecompound.

[0069] The compounds of the invention can be formulated to ensure properdistribution in vivo. For example, the blood-brain barrier (BBB)excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds. To ensure that thetherapeutic compounds of the invention cross the BBB, they can beformulated, for example, in liposomes. For methods of manufacturingliposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331.The liposomes may comprise one or more moieties which are selectivelytransported into specific cells or organs (“targeting moieties”), thusproviding targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V. V. Ranade (1989) J.Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685). Exemplary targeting moieties include folate orbiotin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides(Umezawa et al., (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038);antibodies (P. G. Bloeman et al. (1995) FEBS Lett. 3:140; M. Owais etal. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:180); surfactant protein Areceptor (Briscoe et al. (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 1233:134); gp120(Schreieretal. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:9090); see also K. Keinanen; M.L. Laukkanen (1994) FEBS Lett. 346:123; J. J. Killion; I. J. Fidler(1994) Immunomethods 4:273. In a preferred embodiment, the therapeuticcompounds of the invention are formulated in liposomes; in a morepreferred embodiment, the liposomes include a targeting moiety.

[0070] To administer the therapeutic compound by other than parenteraladministration, it may be necessary to coat the compound with, orco-administer the compound with, a material to prevent its inactivation.For example, the therapeutic compound may be administered to a subjectin an appropriate carrier, for example, liposomes, or a diluent.Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and aqueous buffersolutions. Liposomes include water-in-oil-in-water CGF emulsions as wellas conventional liposomes (Strejan et al., (1984) J. Neuroimmunol.7:27).

[0071] The therapeutic compound may also be administered parenterally,intraperitoneally, intraspinally, or intracerebrally. Dispersions can beprepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereofand in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, thesepreparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms.

[0072] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use includesterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions andsterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. In all cases, the composition must be sterileand must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It mustbe stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must bepreserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such asbacteria and fungi. The vehicle can be a solvent or dispersion mediumcontaining, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol,propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like),suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity canbe maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, bythe maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersionand by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action ofmicroorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungalagents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid,thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable toinclude isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, orpolyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, in the composition.Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought aboutby including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, forexample, aluminum monostearate or gelatin.

[0073] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating thetherapeutic compound in the required amount in an appropriate solventwith one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required,followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are preparedby incorporating the therapeutic compound into a sterile vehicle whichcontains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredientsfrom those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for thepreparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods ofpreparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder ofthe active ingredient (i.e., the therapeutic compound) plus anyadditional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filteredsolution thereof.

[0074] The therapeutic compound can be orally administered, for example,with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. The therapeuticcompound and other ingredients may also be enclosed in a hard or softshell gelatin capsule, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directlyinto the subject's diet. For oral therapeutic administration, thetherapeutic compound may be incorporated with excipients and used in theform of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs,suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. The percentage of thetherapeutic compound in the compositions and preparations may, ofcourse, be varied. The amount of the therapeutic compound in suchtherapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage willbe obtained.

[0075] It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects tobe treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of therapeuticcompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical vehicle. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the therapeutic compoundand the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) thelimitations inherent in the art of compounding such a therapeuticcompound for the treatment of amyloid deposition in subjects.

[0076] Active compounds are administered at a therapeutically effectivedosage sufficient to inhibit amyloid deposition in a subject. A“therapeutically effective dosage” preferably inhibits amyloiddeposition by at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%,even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably byat least about 80% relative to untreated subjects. The ability of acompound to inhibit amyloid deposition can be evaluated in an animalmodel system that may be predictive of efficacy in inhibiting amyloiddeposition in human diseases, such as the model system used in theExamples. Alternatively, the ability of a compound to inhibit amyloiddeposition can be evaluated by examining the ability of the compound toinhibit an interaction between an amyloidogenic protein and a basementmembrane constituent, e.g., using a binding assay such as that describedhereinbefore.

[0077] The method of the invention is useful for treating amyloidosisassociated with any disease in which amyloid deposition occurs.Clinically, amyloidosis can be primary, secondary, familial or isolated.Amyloids have been categorized by the type of amyloidogenic proteincontained within the amyloid. Non-limiting examples of amyloids whichcan be inhibited, as identified by their amyloidogenic protein, are asfollows (with the associated disease in parentheses after theamyloidogenic protein): β-amyloid (Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome,hereditary cerebral hemorrhage amyloidosis [Dutch]); amyloid A (reactive[secondary] amyloidosis, familial Mediterranean Fever, familial amyloidnephropathy with urticaria and deafness [Muckle-Wells syndrome]);amyloid κ L-chain or amyloid λ L-chain (idiopathic [primary], myeloma ormacroglobulinemia-associated); Aβ2M (chronic hemodialysis); ATTR(familial amyloid polyneuropathy [Portuguese, Japanese, Swedish],familial amyloid cardiomyopathy [Danish], isolated cardiac amyloid,systemic senile amyloidosis); AIAPP or amylin (adult onset diabetes,insulinoma); atrial naturetic factor (isolated atrial amyloid);procalcitonin (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid); gelsolin (familialamyloidosis [Finnish]); cystatin C (hereditary cerebral hemorrhage withamyloidosis [Icelandic]); AApoA-I (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy[Iowa]); AApoA-II (accelerated senescence in mice);fibrinogen-associated amyloid; lysozyme-associated amyloid; and AScr orPrP-27 (Scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease,Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, bovine spongiformencephalitis).

[0078] The sulfated and sulfonated compounds used in the methodsdescribed herein are commercially available (e.g. Sigma Chemical Co.,St. Louis, Mo., or Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) and/or can besynthesized by standard techniques known in the art (see, e.g., Stone,G. C. H. (1936) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:488). In general, sulfatedcompounds were synthesized from the corresponding alcohols. The alcoholscorresponding to WAS-28 and WAS-29 were obtained by reduction of1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid and triethyl methanetricarboxylate,respectively, which are commercially available. Representative synthesesof active compounds used herein are described in further detail inExample 10.

[0079] In certain embodiments of the invention, Congo red is excludedfrom sulfonated compounds used in the method of the invention.

[0080] In certain embodiments of the invention, the following sulfatedcompounds are excluded from use in the method of the invention: dextransulfate 500, ι-carrageenan, λ-carrageenan, dextran sulfate 8,κ-carrageenan, pentosan polysulfate, and/or heparan.

[0081] In certain embodiments of the invention, the compositions andmethods of the invention are used to inhibit amyloid deposition inamyloidosis wherein the amyloidogenic protein is not theprotease-resistant form of a prion protein, AScr (also known as PrP-27).

[0082] The invention is further illustrated by the following exampleswhich should not be construed as further limiting the subject invention.The contents of all references, issued patents, and published patentapplications cited throughout this application are hereby incorporatedby reference. A demonstration of efficacy of the therapeutic compoundsof the present invention in the mouse model described in the examples ispredictive of efficacy in humans.

Exemplification

[0083] In the following examples, a well-characterized mouse model ofamyloidosis was used. In this in vivo system, animals receive aninflammatory stimulus and amyloid enhancing factor. For acuteamyloidosis (i.e., short term amyloid deposition), the inflammatorystimulus is AgNO₃. For chronic amyloidosis (ongoing amyloid deposition),the inflammatory stimulus is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Amyloiddeposition (AA amyloid) in the spleens of mice was measured with andwithout therapeutic treatment.

EXAMPLE 1

[0084] The following methodologies were used:

Animals

[0085] All mice were of the CD strain (Charles Rivers, Montreal, Quebec)and weighing 25-30 g.

Animal Treatment

[0086] All animals received AgNO₃ (0.5 ml, 2% solution) subcutaneouslyin the back, and amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) 100 μg intravenously.The preparation of amyloid enhancing factor has been describedpreviously in Axelrad, M. A. et al. (“Further Characterization ofAmyloid Enhancing Factor” Lab. Invest. 47:139-146 (1982)). The animalswere divided into several groups one of which was an untreated controlgroup which was sacrificed six days later. The remaining animals weredivided into those which received poly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) (PVS)at 50 mg, 40 mg, 20 mg, or 10 mg by intraperitoneal injection every 12hours or sucrose octasulfate ammonium salt (SOA) at 73 mg or 36.5 mgevery 8 hours by IP injection. The PVS used in this and all subsequentExamples was a mixture of stereoisomers. Surviving animals weresacrificed on the 5th day of treatment. In all cases the PVS or SOA wasdissolved in a sterile aqueous carrier.

Tissue Preparation

[0087] At the termination of the experiments, the animals weresacrificed by cervical dislocation and the spleens, livers, and kidneyswere fixed in 96% ethanol, 1% glacial acetic acid and 3% water asdescribed in Lyon, A. W. et al. (“Co-deposition of Basement MembraneComponents During the Induction of Murine Splenic AA Amyloid” Lab.Invest. 64:785-790 (1991)). Following fixation, the tissues wereembedded in paraffin, 8-10 micron sections were cut and stained withCongo Red without counterstain as described in Puchtler, H. et al.(“Application of Thiazole Dyes to Amyloid Under Conditions of DirectCotton Dyeing: Correlation of Histochemical and Chemical Data”Histochemistry 77:431-445 (1983)). The histologic sections viewed underpolarized light were assessed by image analysis for the percent ofspleen occupied by amyloid. In the case of the experiments with sucroseoctasulfate, the tissues were immunostained with an antibody to the SAAprotein (described in Lyon A. W. et al. Lab Invest. 64:785-790 (1991))and the immunostained sections assessed by image analysis for thepercent of tissue section occupied by amyloid.

Viabiity of Animals

[0088] All control animals survived the experiment without incident. Inthe case of the animals undergoing therapy, all animals given sucroseoctasulfate at 73 mg/injection succumbed prior to the termination of theexperiment. Animals receiving 36.5 mg of sucrose octasulfate/injectionall survived. Of those animals receiving PVS (molecular weight 900-1000) in each dosage group, approximately half to one-third of theanimals succumbed prior to the termination of the experiment. In allcases of animal deaths prior to the end of the experiments, the cause ofdeath was uncontrolled intraperitoneal hemorrhage.

Effects of Agents on Amyloid Deposition

[0089] The effect of sucrose octasulfate at 36.5 mg/injection is shownbelow in Table 1. The mean area of spleen occupied by amyloid in controlanimals was 7.8%±1.5% S.E.M. In animals receiving the therapeutic agentthe mean area was 3.2%±0.5% S.E.M. The difference is significant at ap≦0.02. TABLE 1 Effect of Sucrose Octasulfate Ammonium Salt on AAAmyloid Deposition In vivo in Mouse Spleen % Area Occupied by AmyloidUntreated 7.8 + 1.5 n = 5 Sucrose OctaSO₄ 3.2 + 0.5 n = 5 p ≦ 0.02

[0090] In the case of PVS, the data are shown in FIG. 1. There was aprofound inhibition of amyloid deposition at all doses with thesuggestion of a dose-dependent effect. An effective dose range isbetween 5 and 500 mg/kg of body weight/per day.

[0091] Preliminary assessment of the plasma level of the precursor ofinflammation-associated amyloidosis, SAA, has shown that there is nodifference between the animals being treated with PVS and thoseuntreated.

[0092] The method of administering the agents of the present inventionis believed to have had an effect upon the mortality rate of theanimals. Intraperitoneal injection was selected as providing a largemembrane surface for ease of access to the circulating system. However,like heparan, the compounds of the present invention exhibitanti-coagulant properties. Repeated injections through the peritonealwall induced severe hemorrhaging and ultimately resulted in filling theperitoneal cavity, with loss of blood causing death. While subcutaneousinjection would result in slower absorption of the active compound, itis less likely that this route would cause hemorrhaging to such anextent as to cause death. Oral administration of the compounds wasperformed in subsequent experiments (see below).

EXAMPLE 2

[0093] Swiss white mice weighing 25-30 g were given Amyloid EnhancingFactor (AEF) and AgNO₃ as described previously (Kisilevsky, R. andBoudreau, L. (1983) “The kinetics of amyloid deposition: I. The effectof amyloid enhancing factor and splenectomy” Lab. Invest., 48, 53-59),to induce amyloidosis. Twenty four (24) hours later they were dividedinto three groups. One group served as a control and was maintained onstandard laboratory mouse chow and tap water ad lib. A second groupreceived the standard chow but its water contained 20 mg/ml ofpoly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) (PVS). The third group had 50 mg/ml ofPVS in its drinking water. Fluid intake in both groups was the same. Allanimals were sacrificed on day six (6) of the experiment, their spleenscollected, prepared for sectioning, spleen sections stained with Congored (Puchtler, H., et al. (1983) “Application of Thiazole Dyes toAmyloid under Conditions of Direct Cotton Dyeing: Correlation ofHistochemical and Chemical Data” Histochemistry, 11, 431-445), and thepercent area occupied by amyloid assessed by an image analysis apparatusand program (MCID M2, Imaging Research Inc., Brock University, St.Catherines, Ontario, Canada). As shown in FIG. 4, oral administration ofPVS interferes with amyloid deposition in a dose dependent manner.

EXAMPLE 3

[0094] Since it was possible that PVS was inhibiting the hepaticsynthesis of the amyloid precursor, and thus failure to deposit amyloidwas due to the absence of the precursor pool, the effect of PVS on theblood level of the amyloid precursor (SAA) during the course of theexperiment was determined. Animals received AEF+AgNO3 as described aboveand were divided into two groups. Group 1 received no further treatment.Twenty four hours later, Group 2 received 50 mg of PVS byintraperitoneal injection every 12 hours for a period of 5 days. To plotthe level of SAA during this process, each animal (controls andexperimentals) was bled from the tail (≠25 μl) each day. The SAA levelsin these samples were determined by a solid phase ELISA procedure(described in Brissette, L., et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem., 264,19327-19332). The results are shown in FIG. 5. The open circlesrepresent the data from the PVS-treated mice, while the triangles showthe data from the non-treated animals. SAA levels were equivalent intreated and untreated animals, demonstrating that PVS does not mediateits effect by preventing the synthesis of SAA.

EXAMPLE 4

[0095] In the above described experiments, therapy with PVS was begun 24hours into the amyloid induction protocol. This does not mimic aclinical situation where the patient usually has well establishedamyloid. To approximate a more realistic clinical situation, a separateset of experiments were performed in which PVS treatment was begun afteramyloid deposition had already begun. Animals received AEF+AgNO3, asdescribed above, remained on tap water for 7 days, after which they wereseparated into two groups. Group 1 remained on standard food and tapwater. Group 2 remained on standard food but had 50 mg/ml of PVS addedto their drinking water. To assess the effect of PVS on the course ofamyloid deposition after amyloid was already present, five animals ineach group were sacrificed on days 7, 10, 14, and 17. The spleens wereprocessed and evaluated as described above. The data are shown in FIG.6. Control animals (triangles) continued to deposit amyloid for 14 days,following which the quantity of amyloid began to decrease. This latterdecrease is most likely due to the fact that only one injection ofAgNO_(3,) the inflammatory stimulus, was given and, after 14 days, theSAA levels are known to decrease (Kisilevsky, R., Boudreau, L. andFoster, D. (1983) “Kinetics of amyloid deposition. II. The effects ofdimethylsulfoxide and colchicine therapy” Lab. Invest., 48, 60-67). Inthe absence of precursor, further amyloid cannot be deposited andexisting deposits are mobilized (Kisilevsky, R. and Boudreau, L. (1983)“The kinetics of amyloid deposition: I. The effect of amyloid enhancingfactor and splenectomy” Lab. Invest., 4, 53-59). In contrast, thetreated group of animals (open circles) stopped deposition of amyloidwithin 3 days of being placed on PVS. This demonstrates that PVS iseffective at inhibiting ongoing deposition of amyloid.

EXAMPLE 5

[0096] To maintain the inflammation and the blood SAA levels, and allowamyloid to be continuously deposited for the duration of a longer termexperiment, the nature of the inflammatory stimulus was changed. So asto maintain the inflammation, animals received lipopolysaccharide (LPS,20 μg)+AEF on day 0 and LPS was given by intraperitoneal injection every2nd day. On day seven (7), the animals were separated into two groups asdescribed in Example 4. Assessment of amyloid over the course of theexperiment proceeded as described in Example 4. The data are shown inFIG. 7. The control group (triangles) continued to deposit amyloid forthe entire 17 day period. Those receiving PVS apparently stoppeddepositing amyloid by day 14 (open circles and dashed line). The data onday 17 represent 4 animals per group as one animal was omitted from thistime period. The quantity of amyloid in this particular individual wasso far removed from all other data points (treated or not, it was 21%)that it is believed that this was a statistically valid procedure. Ifthis individual is included, the curve is represented by the dotted lineand the remaining open circle. It should be pointed out that animalsreceiving PVS began to develop a significant diarrhea as the experimentproceeded.

EXAMPLE 6

[0097] In this experiment, another sulfonated compound, ethanemonosulfonic acid was used to inhibit amyloidosis. Ethane monosulfonicacid, sodium salt, (EMS) is structurally the monomeric unit of PVS.Animals were given LPS+AEF as in Experiment 5, but on day seven EMS wasused in the drinking water as the therapeutic agent. On day seven, theanimals were divided into three groups. Group 1 was the untreated group.Group 2 received 2.5 mg/ml EMS in their drinking water. Group 3 received6 mg/ml in their drinking water. Animals were sacrificed on days 7, 10,14, and 17. These animals did not develop gastro-intestinal problems.These data are shown in FIG. 8. Animals receiving 6 mg/ml EMS in theirdrinking water (open squares) stopped depositing amyloid after day 14.Those receiving 2.5 mg/ml EMS (open circles) seemed to have an abortivetherapeutic effect, with a slight diminution in the rate of amyloiddeposition at day 14 which was not maintained by day 17.

EXAMPLE 7

[0098] The Influence of PVS on HSPG Binding to the Alzheimer's AmyloidPrecursor Protein (Beta APP)

[0099] The binding of heparan sulfate proteoglycan to beta APP wasassessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique asdescribed in Narindrasorasak, S. et al. (“High Affinity InteractionsBetween the Alzheimer's Beta-Amyloid Precursor Proteins and the BasementMembrane Form of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan” J. Biol. Chem.266:12878-12883 (1991)). Polystyrene microtiter plates (Linbro, FlowLaboratories) were coated with a 100 μl solution, 1 μg/ml of β-APP, in20 mM NaHCO₃ buffer, pH 9.6. After overnight incubation at 4° C., theplates were rinsed with 0.15 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5 (TBS). Theplates were then incubated with 150 μl of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA)in TBS for 2 hours at 37° C. to block the residual hydrophobic surfaceon the wells. After rinsing with TBS containing 0.05 % (w/v) Tween 20(TBS-Tween), 100 μl of various concentrations of HSPG in TBS-Tween wereadded alone or 500 μg/ml of PVS, either in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) orphosphate-buffered saline (PBS), was included in the binding assay toassess the effect of PVS on HSPG binding to P-APP. The plates were leftovernight at 4° C. to permit maximum binding of HSPG to β-APP. Theplates were then washed extensively and incubated 2 hours at 37° C. with100 μl of anti-HSPG diluted in TBS-Tween containing 0.1 % BSA. Theplates were washed again and incubated for another 2 hours with 100 μlof goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (1:2000dilution) in TBS-Tween containing BSA as above. Finally, after furtherwashing, the bound antibodies were detected by adding an alkalinephosphatase substrate solution (100 μl) containing 2 mg/ml p-nitrophenylphosphate, 0.1 mM ZnCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 100 mM glycine, pH 10. Theplates were left at room temperature for 15-120 minutes. The enzymereaction was stopped by addition of 50 μl of 2 M NaOH. The absorbence ofthe released p-nitrophenol was measured at 405 nm with a TitertekMultiscan/MCC 340 (Flow Laboratories). The amounts of HSPG bound weredetermined by the net A₄₀₅ after subtracting the A from blank wells inwhich the HSPG incubation step was omitted. The effect of PVS on HSPG:beta-APP binding is illustrated in FIG. 2 (in TBS) and FIG. 3 (in PBS).Approximately 30-50% inhibition of binding is demonstrated with thiscompound.

EXAMPLE 8

[0100] Acute amyloidosis was elicited in mice with AgNO3 and amyloidenhancing factor as described in Examples 1 and 2. Twenty-four hourslater, the animals were divided into a control group and six testgroups. The control group was maintained on standard laboratory mousechow and tap water ad lib. The test groups received standard chow buttheir water contained 50 mM of one of the following six compounds:sodium ethanesulfonate, sodium 2-aminoethanesulfonate (taurine), sodium1 -propanesulfonate, sodium 1,2-ethanedisulfonate, sodium1,3-propanedisulfonate, or sodium 1,4-butanedisulfonate. Water intakewas approximately equivalent for all groups. After six days, the animalswere sacrificed and their spleens were processed as described in Example2. For preliminary analysis, the spleen sections were examined visuallyunder a microscope for differences in amyloid deposition in the treatedanimals versus the control animals.

[0101] The results indicated that animals treated with sodium1-propanesulfonate, sodium 1,2-ethanedisulfonate, or sodium1,3-propanedisulfonate had less amyloid deposition than control animals.Under the conditions used in this experiment, animals treated withsodium ethanesulfonate, taurine sodium salt, or sodium1,4-butanedisulfonate were not observed to have less amyloid depositionthan control animals. However, these compounds may exhibit effectivenessunder other conditions, for example sodium ethanesulfonate has beenobserved to inhibit chronic amyloid deposition (see Example 6) andtaurine inhibits acute amyloid deposition at other concentrations (seeExample 9).

[0102] This experiment suggests that oral administration of sulfonatedlower aliphatics such as sodium 1-propanesulfonate, sodium1,2-ethanedisulfonate and sodium 1,3-propanedisulfonate can inhibitamyloid deposition in an acute amyloidogenic system.

EXAMPLE 9

[0103] In view of the preliminary results described in Example 8,further experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a panel ofsulfated or sulfonated compounds on acute amyloid deposition. Acuteamyloidosis was induced in mice as described in Examples 1 and 2.Twenty-four hours later, the animals were divided into a control groupand test groups. The control group was maintained on standard laboratorymouse chow and tap water ad lib. The test groups received standard chowbut their water contained 20 or 50 mM of one of the compounds listed inTable 2, below (the chemical structures of the WAS compounds listed inTable 2 are depicted in FIGS. 9 and 10). One compound, taurine, wastested at concentrations of 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, and 50 mM. All compoundswere dissolved in water containing 1.0% sucrose. Water intake wasapproximately equivalent for all groups. After six days, the animalswere sacrificed and their spleens were processed as described in Example2.

[0104] The results are summarized in Table 2, below. TABLE 2 Effect ofSulfated and Sulfonated Compounds on AA Amyloid Deposition In vivo inMouse Spleen Concentration Amyloid Standard Compound (mM) Deposition^(*)Error 1,5-Pentanedisulfonate† 50 76 11 20 60 20 1,6-Hexanedisulfonate†50 117 17 20 98 26 1,2-Ethanediol disulfate† 50 8 2 20 36 101,3-Propanediol disulfate† 50 11 4 20 32 11 1,4-Butanediol disulfate† 5054 22 20 44 11 Taurine 50 68 15 20 45 23 10 34 16 5 95 33 WAS-10 50 7922 20 80 23 WAS-11 50 114 20 114 WAS-12 50 55 20 74 WAS-13 50 81 20 63WAS-14 50 135 27 20 83 28 WAS-15 50 56 13 20 102 24 WAS-16 50 48 12 2098 30 WAS-17 50 60 21 20 54 31 WAS-18 50 110 35 20 97 50 WAS-19 50 61 1320 117 28 WAS-20 50 192 37 20 119 19 WAS-21 50 158 19 20 130 28 WAS-2250 83 19 20 155 28 WAS-23 50 66 12 20 94 11 WAS-24 50 103 19 20 110 15WAS-27 50 100 18 20 86 30 WAS-28 50 56 20 53 WAS-34 50 53 20 59 WAS-3550 51 WAS-36 50 71 WAS-37 50 100 20 102 WAS-38 50 81 # 3-5 animals.

[0105] The results indicate that animals treated with sodium1,2-ethanediol disulfate or sodium 1,3-propanediol disulfate had atleast about a 65% decrease in amyloid deposition at 20 mM and at leastabout a 90% decrease in amyloid deposition at 50 mM. Animals treatedwith sodium 1,4-butanediol disulfate (50 mM), sodium1,5-pentanedisulfonate ((50 mM), taurine (sodium2-amino-ethanesulfonate) (10-20 mM), 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonate (WAS-12) (50 mM),4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulfonate (WAS-13) (20 mM),3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) (WAS-15) or its sodium salt(WAS-16) (50 mM), sodium tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-disulfatetrihydrate (WAS-19), sodium 4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonate (WAS-17) (50mM), sodium 1,3,5-pentanetriol trisulfate (WAS-28) (20 and 50 mM),2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate (WAS-34) (20 and 50 mM), indigo carmine(WAS-35) (50 mM) had at least approximately a 40% decrease in amyloiddeposition compared to untreated control animals. Taurine was effectiveat concentrations of 10-20 mM, as seen in this example, but lesseffective at 5 mM or 50 mM (see also Example 8).

[0106] Certain sulfated or sulfonated compounds were not effective inreducing the amount of amyloid deposition under the conditions employed,but may be effective in other embodiments. Earlier in vitro workdemonstrated that dermatan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate do notinterfere with the binding of beta amyoid presursor protein to HSPG.Sodium (±)-10-camphorsulfonate (WAS-22), 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (WAS-21) and2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedisulfonic acid, dipotassium salt (WAS-20) weretested in the above-described mouse model and, as shown in Table 2, werefound not to reduce amyloid deposition.

EXAMPLE 10

[0107] In this example representative syntheses of two compounds used inthe methods of the invention are described.

Sodium ethane-1,2-disulfonate

[0108] A mixture of 1,2-dibromoethane (37.6 g, 0.20 mol) and sodiumsulfite (63.0 g, 0.5 mol) in water (225 mL) was heated at refluxtemperature for 20 h. After the mixture was cooled in the refrigerator,crystals were collected. The crude product was repeatedly recrystallizedfrom water-ethanol. The trace amount of inorganic salts was removed bytreating the aqueous solution with a small amount of silver(I) oxide andbarium hydroxide. The basic solution was neutralized with Amberlite-120ion-exchange resin and treated three times with Amberlite-120 (sodiumform) ion-exchange resin. After removal of the water, the product wasrecrystallized from water-ethanol to afford the title compound (30.5 g).

Sodium 1,3-propanedisulfonate

[0109] This compound was prepared by a modification of the methoddescribed in Stone, G. C. H. (1936) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:488.1,3-Dibromopropane (40.4 g, 0.20 mol) was treated with sodium sulfite(60.3 g, 0.50 mol) in water at reflux temperature for 48 h. Inorganicsalts (sodium bromide and sodium sulfite) were removed by successivetreatment of the resultant reaction mixture with barium hydroxide andsilver(I)oxide. The solution was then neutralized with Amberlite-120(acid form) and decolorized with Norit-A. Barium ions were removed bytreatment of the aqueous solution with Amberlite-120 (sodium form)ion-exchange resin. The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator, andthe crude product was recrystallized from water-ethanol several times togive the title compound (42.5 g). The small amount of trapped ethanolwas removed by dissolving the crystals in a minimum amount of water andthen concentrating the solution to dryness. The pure product was furtherdried under high vacuum at 56° C. for 24 h:mp>300° C.;¹H NMR(D₂O)δ:3.06-3.13 (m, 4H, H-1 and H-3),2.13-2.29 (m, 2H, H-2);¹³C NMR(D₂O)δ:52.3(C-1 and C-3), 23.8(C2).

EQUIVALENTS

[0110] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertainusing no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thespecific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered tobe within the scope of this invention and are covered by the followingclaims.

1. A method for inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeuticcompound, the therapeutic compound comprising at least one anionic groupattached to a carrier molecule, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, such that the therapeutic compound inhibits an interactionbetween an amyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein or proteoglycanconstituent of a basement membrane to inhibit amyloid deposition.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising administering the therapeuticcompound in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 3. The method ofclaim 1 , wherein the carrier molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a carbohydrate, a polymer, a peptide, a peptidederivative, an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, a heterocyclicgroup, an aromatic group and combinations thereof.
 4. The method ofclaim 1 , wherein the anionic group is selected from the groupconsisting of a sulfonate group, a sulfate group, a carboxylate group, aphosphate group, a phosphonate group, and a heterocyclic group selectedfrom the group consisting of


5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carrier molecule is selected fordelivery of the therapeutic compound to the brain.
 6. The method ofclaim 1 , wherein the therapeutic compound is delivered liposomally. 7.A method for inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeuticcompound, the therapeutic compound comprising at least one sulfonategroup covalently attached to a carrier molecule, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, such that the therapeutic compound inhibits aninteraction between an amyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein orproteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane to inhibit amyloiddeposition.
 8. A method for inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subjectcomprising administering to the subject an effective amount of atherapeutic compound, the therapeutic compound having the followingformula: Q—[—SO₃ ⁻X⁺]_(n) wherein Q is a carrier molecule; X⁺ is acationic group; and n is an integer selected such that thebiodistribution of the therapeutic compound for an intended target siteis not prevented while maintaining activity of the therapeutic compound,wherein the therapeutic compound inhibits an interaction between anamyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein or proteoglycan constituent ofa basement membrane to inhibit amyloid deposition.
 9. The method ofclaim 7 , wherein the therapeutic compound is administered orally. 10.The method of claim 7 , further comprising administering the therapeuticcompound in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 11. The method ofclaim 7 , wherein the carrier molecule is selected for delivery of thetherapeutic compound to the brain.
 12. The method of claim 7 , whereinthe therapeutic compound is delivered liposomally.
 13. The method ofclaim 7 , wherein the carrier molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a carbohydrate, a polymer, a peptide, a peptidederivative, an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, a heterocyclicgroup, an aromatic group and combinations thereof.
 14. The method ofclaim 13 , wherein the carrier molecule is a carbohydrate.
 15. Themethod of claim 13 , wherein the carrier molecule is a lower aliphaticgroup.
 16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the carrier molecule is apolymer.
 17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the polymer is selectedfrom the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted vinyl, acryl,styrene and carbohydrate-derived polymers and copolymers andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 18. The method of claim 13 ,wherein the carrier molecule includes a heterocylic group.
 19. A methodfor inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprising orallyadministering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeuticcompound, the therapeutic compound comprising at least one sulfonategroup covalently attached to a carrier molecule, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.
 20. The method of claim 19 further comprisingadministering the therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutically acceptablevehicle.
 21. A method for inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subjectcomprising administering to the subject an effective amount of atherapeutic compound, the therapeutic compound comprising at least onesulfate group covalently attached to a carrier molecule, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such that the therapeuticcompound inhibits an interaction between an amyloidogenic protein and aglycoprotein or proteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane toinhibit amyloid deposition.
 22. A method for inhibiting amyloiddeposition in a subject comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of a therapeutic compound, the therapeutic compoundhaving the following formula: Q—[—OSO₃ ^(−X) ⁺]_(n) wherein Q is acarrier molecule; X⁺ is a cationic group; and n is an integer selectedsuch that the biodistribution of the therapeutic compound for anintended target site is not prevented while maintaining activity of thetherapeutic compound, wherein the therapeutic compound inhibits aninteraction between an amyloidogenic protein and a glycoprotein orproteoglycan constituent of a basement membrane to inhibit amyloiddeposition.
 23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the therapeuticcompound is administered orally.
 24. The method of claim 21 , furthercomprising administering the therapeutic compound in a pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicle.
 25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the carriermolecule is selected from the group consisting of a carbohydrate, apolymer, a peptide, a peptide derivative, an aliphatic group, analicyclic group, a heterocyclic group, an aromatic group andcombinations thereof.
 26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the carriermolecule is a carbohydrate.
 27. The method of claim 25 , wherein thecarrier molecule is a lower aliphatic group.
 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the carrier molecule is a polymer.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting ofsubstituted and unsubstituted vinyl, acryl, styrene andcarbohydrate-derived polymers and copolymers and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof.
 30. The method of claim 25 , wherein thecarrier molecule includes a heterocyclic group.
 31. A method ofinhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprising atleast one sulfonate group covalently attached to a lower aliphaticgroup, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 32. The method of claim 31 ,wherein the therapeutic compound is selected from the group consistingof ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 1-propanesulfonicacid, 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid, 1,4-butanedisulfonic acid,1,5-pentanedisulfonic acid, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid,4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.
 33. The method of claim 31 , wherein the therapeutic compoundis administered orally.
 34. A method of inhibiting amyloid deposition ina subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount ofa therapeutic compound comprising at least one sulfonate groupcovalently attached to a disaccharide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. 35.The method of claim 34 , wherein the disaccharide is sucrose.
 36. Amethod of inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeuticcompound comprising at least one sulfonate group covalently attached toa polymer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally ina pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 37. The method of claim 36 ,wherein the therapeutic compound is selected from the group consistingof poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfonic acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonic acid); asulfonate derivative of poly(acrylic acid); a sulfonate derivative ofpoly(methyl acrylate); a sulfonate derivative of poly(methylmethacrylate); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 38. Themethod of claim 37 , wherein the therapeutic compound ispoly(vinylsulfonic acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.39. A method of inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeuticcompound comprising at least one sulfonate group covalently attached tocarrier molecule that includes a heterocyclic group, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 40. The method of claim 39 ,wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid,tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-disulfonic acid, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 41. A method of inhibitingamyloid deposition in a subject comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprising at least onesulfonate group covalently attached to a peptide and a peptidederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally ina pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 42. A method of inhibitingamyloid deposition in a subject comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprising at least onesulfate group covalently attached to a lower aliphatic group, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 43. The method of claim 42 ,wherein the therapeutic compound is selected from the group consistingof ethyl sulfuric acid, 1,2-ethanediol disulfuric acid, 1-propylsulfuric acid, 1,3-propanediol disulfuric acid, 1,4-butanedioldisulfuric acid, 1,5-pentanediol disulfuric acid, 2-amino-ethanesulfuricacid, 1,4-butanediol monosulfuric acid, and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.
 44. A method of inhibiting amyloid deposition in asubject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of atherapeutic compound comprising at least one sulfate group covalentlyattached to a disaccharide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 45. Themethod of claim 44 , wherein the therapeutic compound is sucroseoctasulfate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 46. A methodof inhibiting amyloid deposition in a subject comprising administeringto the subject an effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprisingat least one sulfate group covalently attached to a polymer, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 47. The method of claim 46 ,wherein the therapeutic compound is selected from the group consistingof poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfuric acid);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfuric acid-co-acrylonitrile);poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfuric acid-co-styrene);poly(vinylsulfuric acid); poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfuric acid); a sulfatederivative of poly(acrylic acid); a sulfate derivative of poly(methylacrylate); a sulfate derivative of poly(methyl methacrylate); andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 48. A method of inhibitingamyloid deposition in a subject comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprising at least onesulfate group covalently attached to a carrier molecule that includes aheterocyclic group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 49. The method ofclaim 48 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfuric acid,tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-diol disulfuric acid, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 50. A method of inhibitingamyloid deposition in a subject comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a therapeutic compound comprising at least onesulfate group covalently attached to a peptide and a peptide derivative,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 51. A pharmaceutical compositionfor treating amyloidosis comprising a therapeutic compound comprising atleast one sulfonate group covalently attached to a carrier molecule, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient toinhibit amyloid deposition in a subject, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicle.
 52. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 51 ,wherein the carrier molecule is selected from the group consisting of acarbohydrate, a polymer, a peptide, a peptide derivative, an aliphaticgroup, an alicyclic group, a heterocyclic group, an aromatic group andcombinations thereof.
 53. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 51 ,wherein the therapeutic compound is poly(vinylsulfonic acid) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 54. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 51 , wherein the therapeutic compound is selectedfrom the group consisting of ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonicacid, 1-propanesulfonic acid, 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid,1,4-butanedisulfonic acid, 1,5-pentanedisulfonic acid,2-amino-ethanesulfonic acid, 4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 55. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 51 , wherein the therapeutic compound is selectedfrom the group consisting of 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid,tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3,4-disulfonic acid, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 56. A pharmaceuticalcomposition for treating amyloidosis comprising a therapeutic compoundcomprising at least one sulfate group covalently attached to a carriermolecule, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amountsufficient to inhibit amyloid deposition in a subject, and apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 57. The pharmaceutical compositionof claim 56 , wherein the carrier molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a carbohydrate, a polymer, a peptide, a peptidederivative, an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, a heterocyclicgroup, an aromatic group and combinations thereof.
 58. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 56 , wherein the therapeuticcompound is sucrose octasulfate or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.
 59. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 56 , wherein thetherapeutic compound is selected from the group consisting of ethylsulfuric acid, 1,2-ethanediol disulfuric acid, 1-propanesulfuric acid,1,3-propanediol disulfuric acid, 1,4-butanediol disulfuric acid,1,5-pentanediol disulfuric acid, 2-amino-ethanesulfuric acid,1,4-butanediol monosulfuric acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.
 60. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 51 , wherein thetherapeutic compound is encapsulated in a liposome.
 61. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 56 , wherein the therapeuticcompound is encapsulated in a liposome.